In many countries, Dobermann Pinschers are one of the most recognizable breeds, in part because of their actual roles in society, and in part because of media attention (see temperament ). U mnogim zemljama, Dobermann Pinschers su jedan od najprepoznatljivijih pasmina, dijelom zbog njihove stvarne uloge u društvu, a dijelom i zbog medijske pažnje (vidi temperamenta ). Careful breeding has improved the disposition of this breed, and the modern Dobermann Pinscher is an energetic and lively breed suitable for companionship and family life. Pažljivo uzgoja poboljšalo raspoloženje ove pasmine, a moderni Dobermann pinč je energičan i veseo pogodan za uzgajati druženje i obiteljski život.
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[ edit ] Characteristics [ uredi ] Karakteristike
[ edit ] Appearance [ uredi ] Pojava
Kennel club standards describe Doberman Pinschers as dogs of medium size, with a square build and short coat. Kennel Club standardi opisuju Doberman Pinschers kao psi srednje veličine, s trga graditi i kratke dlake. They are compactly built and athletic with endurance and speed. Oni su izgradili i kompaktno sa atletske izdržljivosti i brzini. The Doberman Pinscher should have a proud, watchful, determined, and obedient temperament. [ 1 ] The dog was originally intended as a guard dog, [ 1 ] [ 2 ] so males should have a masculine, muscular, noble appearance. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Females are thinner, but should not be spindly. [ 1 ] Doberman pinč bi trebao imati ponosni, starče, određen, temperamenta i poslušni. [1] pas je izvorno zamišljen kao pas čuvar, [1] [2] , tako muškarci trebaju imati muški, mišićav, plemenita izgleda. [1] [2] Ženke su tanje, ali ne bi trebao biti dug i tanak. [1]
[ edit ] Size and proportions [ uredi ] Veličina i dimenzije
The Doberman Pinscher is a dog of medium size. Doberman pinč je psa srednje veličine. Although the breed standards vary among kennel and breed clubs, the dog typically stands between 26 to 28 inches 27.5 being ideal (66 to 72 cm), the female is typically somewhere between 24 to 26 inches, 25.5 being ideal (61 to 68 cm). [ 1 ] [ 3 ] The Doberman has a square frame: its length should equal its height to the withers, and the length of its head, neck and legs should be in proportion to its body. [ 1 ] Iako pasmina standardi variraju između uzgajivačnica te pasmine klubova, pas obično stoji između 26 do 28 inča 27,5 bio idealna (66 do 72 cm), ženska je obično negdje između 24 do 26 inča, 25.5 bio idealna (61 do 68 cm) . [1] [3] Doberman ima trg okvirom: treba biti jednaka dužini njegova visina do grebena i dužina glave, vrata i nogu treba biti u razmjeru sa tijelom. [1]
There are no standards for the weight of the Doberman Pinscher. Ne postoje standardi za težinu Doberman pinč. The ideal dog must have sufficient size for an optimal combination of strength, endurance and agility. [ 3 ] The male generally weighs between 75 and 100 pounds (34 and 45 kg) and the female between 60 and 90 pounds (27 and 41 kg). Idealan pas mora imati dovoljne veličine za optimalnu kombinaciju snage, izdržljivosti i okretnosti. [3] muških općenito teži između 75 i 100 funti (34 i 45 kg), a ženska između 60 i 90 funti (27 i 41 kg) .
[ edit ] Color [ uredi ] Boja
Two different color genes exist in the Doberman, one for black (B) and one for color dilution (D). Dvije različite boje geni postoje u dobermana, jedan za crno (B) i jedan za razrjeđivanje boje (D). There are nine possible combinations of these allelles (BBDD, BBDd BbDD BbDd, BBdd, Bbdd, bbDD, bbDd, bbdd), which result in four different color phenotypes : black, red, blue, and fawn (Isabella). [ 4 ] The traditional and most common color occurs when both the color and dilution genes have at least one dominant allele (ie, BBDD, BBDd, BbDD or BbDd), and is commonly referred to as black or black and rust (also called black and tan). Postoji devet mogućih kombinacija tih allelles (BBDD, BBDd BbDD BbDd, BBdd, Bbdd, bbDD, bbDd, bbdd), koji rezultiraju u četiri različite boje fenotipova : crna, crvena, plava i žutosmeđe (Izabela). [4] tradicionalni i najčešći boji se događa kada su i boje i razrjeđenja gena imati barem jedan dominantni alel (tj. BBDD, BBDd, BbDD ili BbDd), i najčešće se spominju kao crna ili crna i hrđe (koji se nazivaju i crno-crvena). The red , red rust or brown coloration occurs when the black gene has two recessive alleles but the dilution gene has at least one dominant allele (ie, bbDD, bbDd). Crvene, crvene ili smeđe boje hrđe se javlja kada crni gen ima dva recesivna alela , ali razrjeđenja gena ima barem jednog dominantnog alela (tj. bbDD, bbDd). "Blue" and "fawn" are controlled by the color dilution gene. "Plavi" i "fawn" kontrolira boju razrjeđenja gena. The blue Doberman has the color gene with at least one dominant allele and the dilution gene with both recessive alleles (ie, BBdd or Bbdd). Doberman je plava boja gena s barem jednog dominantnog alela i razrjeđivanje sa oba gena recesivna alela (tj. BBdd ili Bbdd). The fawn (Isabella) coloration is the least common, occurring only when both the color and dilution genes have two recessive alleles (ie, bbdd). Fawn (Izabela) boje je najrjeđi, javlja se samo kada su i boje i razrjeđenja geni imaju dva recesivna alela (tj. bbdd). Thus, the blue color is a diluted black, and the fawn color is a diluted red. Tako, plava boja je razrijeđena crna, a boja je žutosmeđe razrijeđena crvena.
Expression of the color dilution gene is a disorder called Color Dilution Alopecia. Ekspresija gena razrjeđenja boje se poremećaj zove alopecija Razrjeđivanje boja. Although not life threatening, these dogs can develop skin problems. [ 5 ] Since 1994 the blue and fawn colors have been banned from breeding by the Dobermann Verein in Germany and under FCI regulations Blue and Fawn are considered disqualifying faults in the international showring. Iako nije opasna po život, ovi psi mogu razviti kožnih problema. [5] od 1994 plava i žutosmeđe boje su zabranjene iz uzgoja koje Dobermann Verein u Njemačkoj i pod FCI propisima Plava i Fawn smatraju Diskvalifikacijske greške u međunarodnom showring.
In 1976, a "white" Doberman Pinscher bitch was whelped, [ 6 ] and was subsequently bred to her son, who was also bred to his litter sisters. Godine 1976, "bijeli" Doberman pinč kuja je oštenila, [6] i potom bio uzgajan za njezinog sina, koji je također bio uzgajan njegovim okot sestre. This tight inbreeding continued for some time to allow the breeders to "fix" the mutation. Ovaj uske inbreeding je nastavio za neko vrijeme kako bi se omogućilo da uzgajatelj "popraviti" mutacija. White dobermans are a cream color with pure white markings and icy blue eyes. Bijela Dobermans su krem boje s čistim bijelim oznakama i ledenim plave oči. Although this is consistent with albinism , the proper characterization of the mutation is currently unknown. Iako je to u skladu s albinizam , pravilno karakterizacija mutacija je trenutno nepoznata. The animals are commonly known as tyrosinase-positive albinoids, lacking melanin in oculocutaneous structures, [ 7 ] but no known mutation has been identified. Životinje su obično poznati kao tirozinazu-pozitivnih albinoids, nedostaje melanin u oculocutaneous strukturama, [7] , ali bez poznatih mutacija je identificirana.
[ edit ] Tails [ uredi ] Tails
The Doberman Pinscher's natural tail is fairly long, but individual dogs often have a short tail as a result of docking , a procedure in which the majority of the tail is surgically removed shortly after birth. Doberman pinč prirodne Rep je prilično duga, ali pojedinačne psi često imaju kratak rep kao rezultat pristajanje , postupak u kojem većina rep kirurški uklanja se ubrzo nakon rođenja.
The practice of docking has been around for centuries, and is older than the Doberman as a breed. [ 8 ] The putative reason for docking is to ensure that the tail does not get in the way of the dog's work. [ 8 ] Recently, docking has become a controversial topic. [ 9 ] The American Kennel Club standard for Doberman Pinschers includes a tail docked near the 2nd vertebrae . [ 1 ] Docking is a common practice in North America, Russia and Japan (as well as a number of other countries with Doberman populations), where it is legal. Praksa pristajanje je bio oko za stoljeća, a stariji od dobermana kao pasmine. [8] narodni razlog za pristajanje je osigurati da rep ne dobiti na način psa rada. [8] U zadnje vrijeme, pristajanje je postala kontroverzna tema. [9] American Kennel Club standard za dobermana Pinschers uključuje rep usidren u blizini drugi kralješci . [1] Stolni je uobičajena praksa u Sjevernoj Americi, Rusiji i Japanu (kao i niz drugih zemljama s Doberman populacije), gdje je legalan. In many European countries, docking has been made illegal, and in others it is limited. U mnogim europskim zemljama, pristajanje je napravljena protuzakonito, a drugi je ograničen.
[ edit ] Ears [ uredi ] Uši
Doberman Pinschers will often have their ears cropped, as do many other breeds, a procedure that is functionally related to breed type for both the traditional guard duty and effective sound localization. Doberman Pinschers često će imati svoje uši kupirane, kao i mnoge druge pasmine, postupak koji je funkcionalno vezane za pasminu tipa za tradicionalnog stražu i učinkovit zvuk lokalizacije. Like tail docking, ear cropping is illegal in some countries, and in these Doberman Pinschers have natural ears. Kao i rep docking, Kupiranje je zabranjeno u nekim zemljama, te u tim Doberman Pinschers imaju prirodne uši. Doberman Pinscher ear cropping is usually done between 7 and 9 weeks of age. Doberman pinč Kupiranje se obično obavlja između 7 i 9 tjedana starosti. Cropping done after 12 weeks has a low rate of success in getting the ears to stand. Obrezivanje radi nakon 12 tjedana ima nisku stopu uspjeha u dobivanju uši da stoje. Some Doberman Pinscher owners prefer not to have their pet's ears cropped because they are concerned the procedure is painful for the animal. Neki Doberman pinč vlasnici ne žele imati njihov kućni ljubimci 'uši kupirane, jer su u pitanju postupka je bolno za životinju.
The process involves trimming off part of the animal's ears and propping them up with posts and tape bandages, which allows the cartilage to develop into an upright position as the puppy grows. Proces uključuje obrezivanje off dio životinjske uši te im podupiranje s trakom postove i zavoje, što omogućuje hrskavice da se razviju u uspravnom položaju kako štene raste. The incision scabs fall off within a week and stitches are removed a week after that. Rez kraste otpadaju u roku tjedan dana, a šavovi se odstranjuju tjedan dana nakon toga. The puppy will still have the ability to lay the ears back or down. Štene i dalje će imati mogućnost polagati uši leđa ili dolje. The process of posting the ears generally takes about a month, but longer show crops can take several months. Proces objavljivanja ušima obično traje oko mjesec dana, ali više ne pokazuju usjevi mogu trajati nekoliko mjeseci. Posting techniques and the associated discomfort vary from one posting technique to the next. Knjiženje tehnike i nelagodu povezane varirati od jednog tehnike knjiženja na sljedeći.
In some countries' conformation shows , Doberman Pinschers are allowed to compete with either cropped or natural ears. U nekim zemljama " konformaciji prikazuje , dobermana Pinschers dozvoljeno da se natječu s bilo kupirane uši ili prirodnog. In Germany a cropped or docked dog cannot be shown regardless of country of origin. U Njemačkoj ne kupirane ili kupiran pas može biti prikazana, bez obzira na zemlju podrijetla. Special written exception to this policy does occur when Germany is the location for international events. Posebna pisana iznimka od ovog pravila ne dogodi, kada Njemačka je lokacija za međunarodne događaje.
[ edit ] Temperament [ uredi ] Temperament
Doberman Pinschers are the target of a mistaken stereotype of ferocity and aggression. [ 10 ] [ 11 ] As a personal protection dog, the Doberman was originally bred for these traits: [ 11 ] it had to be large and intimidating, fearless and willing to defend its owner, but sufficiently obedient and restrained to only do so on command. [ 11 ] These traits served the dog well in its role as a personal defense dog, police dog or war dog, but were not ideally adapted to a companionship role. Doberman Pinschers su meta zabludi stereotip žestinom i agresijom. [10] [11] Kao što je osobna zaštita psa, dobermana je izvorno uzgajan za ove osobine: [11] što to mora biti velik i zastrašujuće, neustrašivi i spremni da braniti svog vlasnika, ali dovoljno poslušan i ograničen samo to na temelju naredba. [11] Ove osobine služili pas dobro u svojoj ulozi osobnu obranu pas, policijski pas ili pas rata, ali nisu idealno prilagođen drugarstvo ulogu. In recent decades, the Doberman Pinscher's size, short coat, and intelligence made it a desirable house dog. U posljednjih nekoliko desetljeća, Doberman pinč veličine, kratka dlaka, i inteligenciju napravljen to poželjno kući pas. Although these dogs are mistaken for their aggression, they are extremely loyal. Iako su ti psi zabludi za njihovu agresivnost, oni su vrlo odani. They can easily learn to 'Respect and Protect' their owners. [ 12 ] Oni lako mogu naučiti da "poštuju i štite" svojim vlasnicima. [12]
In response, they are excellent guard dogs that protect their loved ones. Kao odgovor, oni su odličan psi čuvari koji štite svoje najmilije. They are generally sociable towards humans and can be with other dogs, ranking among the more-likely breeds to show aggressive behaviour toward strangers and other dogs but not among the most likely. Oni su općenito druželjubiv prema ljudima i može se s drugim psima, svrstava među više-vjerovatno pasmina pokazati agresivno ponašanje prema strancima i drugim psima, ali ne među najčešće. They are very unlikely to show aggressive behaviour towards their owners. [ 13 ] [ 11 ] [ 14 ] [ 10 ] Oni su vrlo vjerojatno pokazati agresivno ponašanje prema svojim vlasnicima. [13] [11] [14] [10]
There is evidence that Doberman Pinschers in North America are calmer than their European counterparts because of these breeding strategies. [ 15 ] Because of these differences in breeding strategies, different lines of Doberman Pinschers have developed different traits. Postoje dokazi da je Doberman Pinschers u Sjevernoj Americi su mirniji od svojih europskih kolega zbog tih strategija oplemenjivanja. [15] Zbog tih razlika u uzgoju strategije, različitim linijama Doberman Pinschers razvili različite osobine. Although many contemporary Doberman Pinschers in North America are gentle, loyal, loving, and intelligent dogs, some lines are bred more true to the original personality standard. [ 12 ] Iako su mnogi suvremeni Doberman Pinschers u Sjevernoj Americi su nježni, odani, puni ljubavi i inteligentni psi, neke linije su uzgajaju više vjeran originalu ličnosti standarda. [12]
Although the stereotype is largely mistaken, the personality of the Doberman Pinscher is peculiar to the breed. Iako stereotip uvelike griješi, osobnost Doberman pinč je svojstvena pasmini. There is a great deal of scientific evidence that Doberman Pinschers have a number of stable psychological traits, such as personality factors and intelligence. Postoji mnogo znanstvenih dokaza da Doberman Pinschers imaju broj stabilnih psiholoških svojstava, kao što su crta ličnosti i inteligencije. As early as 1965, studies have shown that there are several broad behavioral traits that significantly predict behavior and are genetically determined. [ 16 ] Subsequently, there have been numerous scientific attempts to quantify canine personality or temperament by using statistical techniques for assessing personality traits in humans. Već 1965, istraživanja su pokazala da postoji nekoliko širokog ponašanja osobine koje značajno predviđaju ponašanje i genetski određen. [16] Nakon toga, bilo je brojnih znanstvenih pokušava kvantificirati pasji ličnosti i temperamenta korištenjem statističke tehnike za procjenu osobina ličnosti u ljude. These studies often vary by identifying different personality factors, and by ranking breeds differently along these dimensions. Ove studije se često razlikuju identificiranjem različitih ličnosti, a prema rang pasmine različito uz ove dimenzije. One such study found that Doberman Pinschers, compared to other breeds, rank high in playfulness, average in curiosity/fearlessness, low on aggressiveness and low on sociability. [ 17 ] Another such study ranked Doberman Pinschers low on reactivity/surgence, and high on aggression/disagreeableness and openness/trainability [ 18 ] Jedna takva studija pokazala da je Doberman Pinschers, u odnosu na druge pasmine, rang visoko u razigranost, znatiželja u prosjeku / neustrašivost, nisko na agresivnost i nisko na društvenosti. [17] Još jedan takav studij rangirani Doberman Pinschers nisko na reaktivnost / surgence, a visoko na agresije / disagreeableness i otvorenosti / trainability [18]
[ edit ] Intelligence [ uredi ] inteligencija
Canine intelligence is an umbrella term that encompasses the faculties involved in a wide range of mental tasks, such as learning, problem-solving and communication. Pasji inteligencija je krovni termin koji obuhvaća fakulteti koji su uključeni u širok raspon mentalnih zadataka, kao što su učenje, rješavanje problema i komunikaciji. The Doberman Pinscher has ranked amongst the most intelligent of dog breeds in experimental studies and expert evaluations. Doberman pinč je rangiran među najinteligentnije pasmina pasa u eksperimentalnim studijama i vještačenja. For instance, Psychologist Stanley Coren ranks the Doberman as the 5th most intelligent dog in the category of obedience command training based on the selective surveys he performed of some trainers as documented in his book The Intelligence of Dogs . Na primjer, psiholog Stanley Coren redova dobermana u 5. najinteligentniji pas u kategoriji poslušnost trening naredbe na temelju selektivne ankete izveo nekih trenera kao dokumentirano u svojoj knjizi Inteligencija pasa . Additionally, in two studies, Hart and Hart (1985) ranked the Doberman Pinscher first in this category. [ 19 ] and Tortora (1980) gave the Doberman the highest rank in trainability, [ 20 ] . Osim toga, u dva studija, Hart i Hart (1985) rangirana Doberman pinč prvi u ovoj kategoriji. [19] i Tortora (1980) je dao Doberman najvišeg ranga u trainability, [20] . Although the methods of evaluation differ, these studies consistently show that the Doberman Pinscher, along with the Border Collie , German Shepherd and Standard Poodle , is one of the most trainable breeds of dog. Iako su metode procjene razlikuju, ove studije konstantno pokazuju da je doberman, zajedno s graničarski koli , njemački ovčar i Standard pudlica , jedan je od najatraktivnijih pasmina pasa trainable.
[ edit ] Aggression [ uredi ] Agresija
In addition to the studies of canine personality, there has been some research to determine whether there are breed differences in aggression. Uz studij u pasa ličnosti, nije bilo nekih istraživanja je utvrditi postoje li razlike u agresiji pasmine. In a recent study, aggression was divided into four categories: aggression directed at strangers, owner, other strange dogs and rivalry with other household dogs. [ 13 ] This study found that the Doberman Pinscher ranked relatively high on stranger-directed aggression (behind the Dachshund and Chihuahua ), but extremely low on owner-directed aggression. U nedavnom istraživanju, agresija bila podijeljena u četiri kategorije: agresivnost usmjerena na strance, vlasnika, druge pse i čudno rivalstvo s drugim psima domaćinstvo. [13] Ovo istraživanje pokazalo je da Doberman pinč rangirani relativno visoko na stranca usmjerena agresija (iza Jazavčar i Chihuahua ), ali iznimno nisko na vlasnika-usmjerena agresije. The Doberman Pinscher ranked as average on dog-directed aggression and dog rivalry. Doberman pinč rangiran kao prosjek na psa i pas agresije usmjerene suparništvo. Looking only at bites and attempted bites, Doberman Pinschers rank as far less aggressive towards humans, and show less aggression than many breeds without a reputation (eg, Cocker Spaniel , Border Collie and Great Dane ). Gledajući samo na ugrize i pokušaj ugriza, dobermana Pinschers ranga kao daleko manje agresivne prema ljudima, te pokazuju manje agresije od mnogih pasmina, bez ugleda (npr., koker španijel , Border Collie i doga ). This study concluded that aggression has a genetic basis, that the Doberman shows a distinctive pattern of aggression depending on the situation, and that contemporary Doberman Pinschers are not an aggressive breed overall. [ 13 ] Ova studija je zaključio da agresija ima genetske osnove, da Doberman pokazuje karakterističan obrazac agresije, ovisno o situaciji, te da suvremeni Doberman Pinschers nisu agresivne pasmine u ukupnom poretku. [13]
Although recent studies do not rank Doberman Pinschers as the most aggressive breed, their size, strength and aggression towards strangers makes them potentially dangerous. Iako nedavna istraživanja ne čin Doberman Pinschers kao najagresivnije pasmine, njihovu veličinu, snagu i agresivnost prema strancima ih čini potencijalno opasan. Studies of dog bites and dog bite fatalities have shown that the danger of attack by Dobermans is relatively high, [ 21 ] and that children are five times as likely to be bitten by a Doberman as a Labrador Retriever . [ 22 ] Studij ugriza psa i pas gristi smrtno su pokazala da je opasnost od napada Dobermans je relativno visoka, [21] i da su djeca pet puta koliko je vjerojatno da će biti Doberman ugrizao kao Labrador retriveru . [22]
According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , between 1979 and 1998, the Doberman Pinscher was involved in attacks on humans resulting in fatalities less frequently than several other dog breeds such as pit bull –type dogs, German Shepherd Dogs , Rottweilers , Husky -type, Wolf-dog hybrids and Alaskan Malamutes . [ 21 ] [ 23 ] According to this Center for Disease Control and Prevention study, one of the most important factors contributing to dog bites are related to the level of responsibility exercised by dog owners. [ 24 ] Prema Centara za kontrolu i prevenciju bolesti , između 1979 i 1998, Doberman pinč bio uključen u napade na ljude rezultiralo fatalities rjeđe nego nekoliko drugih pasmina pasa kao što su pit bull -tip pasa, njemačkog ovčara Psi , Rottweilers , eskimski pas - tipa, Wolf-dog hibrida i Alaskan Malamutes . [21] [23] Prema ovom Centar za kontrolu i prevenciju bolesti studija, jedna od najvažnijih faktora koji pridonose ugriza psa se odnose na razinu odgovornosti ostvaruje vlasnicima pasa. [ 24]
[ edit ] Health [ uredi ] Zdravlje
On average, Doberman Pinschers live about 10–14 years, they may suffer from a number of health concerns. U prosjeku, dobermana Pinschers žive oko 10 do 14 godina, oni svibanj pate od brojnih zdravstvenih problema. Common serious health problems include dilated cardiomyopathy , [ 25 ] [ 26 ] cervical vertebral instability (CVI) , [ 27 ] von Willebrand's disease (a bleeding disorder for which genetic testing of has been available since 2000 - the test enables both parents of a prospective litter to be tested for the carrier gene, thus preventing inheritance of the disease ) [ 25 ] , and prostatic disease . [ 28 ] Less serious common health concerns include hypothyroidism and hip dysplasia . Zajednički ozbiljne zdravstvene probleme ubrajaju dilatacijska kardiomiopatija , [25] [26] cerviksa vertebralne nestabilnost (CVI) , [27] von Willebrand bolest (poremećaj zgrušavanja krvi za koje genetičko ispitivanje je bio na raspolaganju od 2000 - testa omogućuje oba roditelja da budući leglo koji se testira na prijevoznika gena, sprječavajući nasljeđivanja bolesti) [25] , i bolesti prostate . [28] manje ozbiljnih zdravstvenih zabrinutosti uključuju zajednički hypothyroidism i hip displazija .
Studies have shown that the Doberman Pinscher suffers from prostatic diseases, (such as bacterial prostatiti, prostatic cysts, prostatic adenocarcinoma, and benign hyperplasia) more than any other breed. Istraživanja su pokazala da Doberman pinč pati od bolesti prostate, (kao što su bakterijske prostatiti, prostate ciste, adenokarcinom prostate, benigna hiperplazija i) više nego bilo koje druge pasmine. Neutering can significantly reduce these risks (see Dog for information). Kastracija može značajno smanjiti ove rizike (vidi pas za informacije).
Dilated cardiomyopathy is a major cause of death in Doberman Pinschers. Dilatacijska kardiomiopatija je glavni uzrok smrti u Doberman Pinschers. This disease affects Dobermans more than any other breed. [ 29 ] Nearly 40% of DCM diagnoses are for Doberman Pinschers, followed by German Shepherds at 13%. [ 29 ] Research has shown that the breed is affected by an attenuated wavy fiber type of DCM that affects many other breeds, [ 30 ] as well as an additional, fatty infiltration-degenerative type that appears to be specific to Doberman Pinscher and Boxer breeds. [ 30 ] This serious disease is likely to be fatal in most Doberman Pinschers affected. [ 31 ] Ova bolest pogađa Dobermans više od bilo koje druge pasmine. [29] Gotovo 40% DKP dijagnoze su za dobermana Pinschers, nakon čega slijedi Njemački pastiri na 13%. [29] Istraživanja su pokazala da pasminu je pod utjecajem oslabljenim valovite vlakna tipa DCM koji utječe na mnoge druge pasmine, [30] , kao i dodatnu, masne infiltracije-degenerativnih tip koji čini se da su specifični za Doberman pinč i Boxer pasmina. [30] Ova teška bolest je vjerojatno da će biti fatalan u većini Doberman Pinschers pogođene. [31]
Across multiple studies, more than half of the Doberman Pinschers studied develop the condition. Preko više studija, više od polovice Doberman Pinschers studirao razviti stanje. Roughly a quarter of Doberman Pinschers who developed cardiomyopathy died suddenly from unknown causes, [ 30 ] [ 32 ] [ 33 ] and an additional fifty percent died of congestive heart failure [ 33 ] In addition to being more prevalent, this disease is also more serious in Doberman Pinschers. Otprilike četvrtina Pinschers Doberman, koji je razvio kardiomiopatija je iznenada umro od nepoznatih uzroka, [30] [32] [33] i dodatnih pedeset posto umrlo od kongestivnog zatajenja srca [33] Osim toga da se više prevladava, ta bolest je ozbiljnija Doberman u Pinschers. Following diagnosis, the average non-Doberman has an expected survival time of 8 months; for Doberman Pinschers, the expected survival time is less than 2 months. [ 29 ] Although the causes for the disease are largely unknown, there is evidence that it is a familial disease inherited as an autosomal dominant trait . [ 34 ] Investigation into the genetic causes of canine DCM may lead to therapeutic and breeding practices to limit its impact [ 35 ] Nakon dijagnoze, prosječno ne Doberman je očekivani vrijeme preživljenja od 8 mjeseci, jer Doberman Pinschers, očekuje se vrijeme preživljenja je manje od 2 mjeseca. [29] Iako uzroci ove bolesti su uglavnom nepoznate, postoje dokazi da je obiteljska bolest se nasljeđuje autosomno dominantno . [34] Rezultati istraživanja na području genetskog uzroka pasji DKP-a može dovesti do liječenja i prakse uzgoja da ograniči njegov utjecaj [35]
[ edit ] History [ uredi ] Povijest
Doberman Pinschers were first bred in the town of Apolda , in the German state of Thuringia around 1890, following the Franco-Prussian War by Karl Friedrich Louis Dobermann . Doberman Pinschers prvi su se uzgajaju u gradu Apolda , u njemačkom države Tiringije oko 1890, nakon francusko-pruskog rata od strane Karl Friedrich Louis Dobermann . Dobermann served in the dangerous role of local tax collector, and ran the Apolda dog pound. Dobermann je služio u opasnim uloga lokalne carinika i ran funta Apolda psa. With access to dogs of many breeds, he aimed to create a breed that would be ideal for protecting him during his collections, which took him through many bandit-infested areas. S pristupom na pse mnogih pasmina, cilj je stvoriti pasminu koja će biti idealna za njega zaštititi tijekom njegovih zbirki, što ga je odvelo kroz mnoge bandit-opustošen područjima. He set out to breed a new type of dog that, in his opinion, would be the perfect combination of strength, loyalty, intelligence, and ferocity. Krenuo je uzgajati novi tip psa koji, po njegovu mišljenju, bila bi savršena kombinacija snage, odanost, inteligenciju, i žestinom. Later, Otto Goeller and Philip Gruening continued to develop the breed to become the dog that is seen today. Kasnije, Otto Goeller i Philip Gruening nastavio razvijati pasmine postati psa koji se i danas vide.
The breed is believed to have been created from several different breeds of dogs that had the characteristics that Dobermann was looking for, including the German Pinscher , the Beauceron , the Rottweiler , the Thuringian Sylvan Dog, the Greyhound , the Great Dane , the Weimaraner , the German Shorthaired Pointer , the Manchester Terrier and the Old German Shepherd Dog . Pasmine je vjerovao da je stvoren iz nekoliko različitih pasmina pasa koja je imala karakteristike koje Dobermann je tražio, uključujući njemački pinč , Beauceron , Rottweiler , Tirinžanin Sylvan Pas, hrt , Great Dane , Weimaraner , njemački kratkodlaki pointer , Manchester terijer i stari njemački ovčar . The exact ratios of mixing, and even the exact breeds that were used, remain uncertain to this day, although many experts believe that the Doberman Pinscher is a combination of at least four of these breeds. Točan omjeri miješanja, pa čak i točno pasmina koji su korišteni, i dalje neizvjesna do danas, iako mnogi stručnjaci vjeruju da Doberman pinč je kombinacija od najmanje četiri od tih pasmina. The single exception is the documented crossing with the Greyhound and Manchester Terrier. Iznimku je dokumentirano križanja s hrt i Manchester terijer. It is also widely believed that the old German Shepherd gene pool was the single largest contributor to the Doberman breed. To je također vjeruje da je stara njemački ovčar genetski bazen je jednom najveći doprinos Doberman pasmine. A book entitled The Dobermann Pinscher , written by Philip Greunig (first printing in 1939), is considered the foremost study of the development of the breed by one of its most ardent students. Knjigu pod naslovom Dobermann pinč, napisao Philip Greunig (prvi ispisa u 1939), smatra se prije svega proučavanje razvoja pasmine po jednog od svojih većina gorljive studenata. It describes the breed's early development by Otto Goeller, whose hand allowed the Doberman to become the dog we recognize today. Ona opisuje pasmine rani razvoj Otto Goeller, čiji je dozvoljeno strane dobermana da postane pas mi prepoznajemo danas.
After Dobermann's death in 1894, the Germans named the breed Dobermann-pinscher in his honor, but a half century later dropped the pinscher on the grounds that this German word for terrier was no longer appropriate. Nakon Dobermann smrti 1894, Nijemci zove pasmina Dobermann-pinč u njegovu čast, ali pola stoljeća kasnije pao pinč na temelju toga da ovaj njemački riječ za terijer više nije potrebno. The British did the same a few years later. Britanska je isto nekoliko godina kasnije.
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